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Dr.Osaid

11-25-2006, 01:59 AM

Gradenigo's syndrome

Gradenigo's syndrome, which is characterised by the triad of suppurative otitis media, pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, and abducens nerve palsy may give rise to potentially fatal complications. Knowledge of the aetiology and appropriate investigations can lead to early diagnosis. A case is reported which illustrates this

Definition
In 1907 Guisseppe Gradenigo described a symptom complex of suppurative otitis media, pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, and abducens nerve palsy (box 1).1 (http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/76/899/559#B1) Since the advent of antibiotics the incidence of this potentially fatal condition has diminished, but occasional cases still occur. As the symptoms are subtle ones, the condition is often recognised late. Knowledge of the aetiology and appropriate investigations can lead to early diagnosis.

Diagnostic criteria of Gradenigo's syndrome
Suppurative otitis media
Pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve palsy

Aetiology of Gradenigo's syndrome
Apical petrosis secondary to suppurative otitis media
Extradural inflammation at petrous apex involving: trigeminal ganglion and abducens nerve

Possible sequelae of Gradenigo's syndrome

Meningitis
Intracranial abscess
Spread to skull base and involvement of IX, X, XI cranial nerves (Vernet's syndrome)
Prevertebral/parapharyngeal abscess
Spread to sympathetic plexus around carotid sheath
Investigations
Investigations take the form of imaging the petrous temporal bone using different modalities. Computed tomography will show evidence of petromastoid air cell opacification, possibly bone destruction, and is particularly helpful in diagnosing evidence of intracranial abscess formation.3 (http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/76/899/559#B3) 4 (http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/76/899/559#B4) Magnetic resonance imaging has been demonstrated to show the inflammatory changes in petrous apicitis.4 (http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/76/899/559#B4) Radioisotope bone scan shows increased uptake in the petrous apex and hence aids localisation of the disease process.5 (http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/76/899/559#B5) Certain groups of patients are more susceptible to developing this condition: they include diabetics, those on high dose steroids, and immunosuppressed patients, including of course those with AIDS. All these therefore need to be investigated for.

Treatment
Awareness of the condition coupled with prompt investigations is required for early recognition. High dose antibiotic treatment, both systemic and topical, is the treatment of choice. This should be extended for long periods even if the patient appears to respond adequately to a short regimen. If the disease is recognised at a later stage then surgical drainage in the form of apical petrosectomy may be necessary.5 (http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/76/899/559#B5)

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